What Do Dragonflies Eat?

Dragonflies are carnivorous insects that primarily feed on other small flying insects such as mosquitoes, flies, moths, and even smaller dragonflies. Their diet helps control populations of pest insects and contributes to the balance of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.

Introducing the Dragonfly
Dragonflies belong to the order Odonata and are found worldwide near freshwater habitats like ponds, lakes, rivers, and wetlands. Known for their vibrant colours and swift, agile flight, dragonflies are skilled hunters both as nymphs (aquatic larvae) and adults.

They have large multifaceted eyes and powerful jaws that make them effective predators from the moment they hatch.

Diet of Dragonfly Nymphs
Before emerging as adults, dragonflies spend most of their lives underwater as nymphs. These aquatic larvae are voracious predators, feeding on tadpoles, small fish, mosquito larvae, and other aquatic invertebrates. Using a specialised extendable jaw called a labium, nymphs swiftly capture prey in their aquatic environment.

Their diet supports rapid growth through several moults until they are ready to emerge and transform into flying adults.

Adult Dragonfly Diet
Adult dragonflies hunt on the wing, preying on a wide range of small flying insects. Mosquitoes are a favourite, making dragonflies natural allies in controlling these pests. They also consume flies, gnats, midges, butterflies, and occasionally smaller dragonflies or damselflies.

Dragonflies catch prey using their legs, which form a basket-like structure to trap insects during flight. Their excellent eyesight and fast manoeuvrability enable them to pursue and capture prey efficiently.

Feeding Behaviour and Adaptations
Dragonflies feed continuously throughout the day, consuming dozens of insects to meet their high energy demands. They often perch between hunts to rest and digest food.

Their sharp mandibles crush prey, allowing quick consumption. Dragonflies are able to fly forwards, backwards, and hover, giving them a hunting advantage.

Ecological Role and Importance
By feeding on mosquitoes and other insects, dragonflies help reduce populations of biting pests, benefiting human health. Their nymphs contribute to freshwater ecosystem balance by controlling aquatic invertebrate numbers.

Dragonflies are also prey for birds, frogs, and fish, linking food webs across aquatic and terrestrial environments.

Wild vs Captive Diets
Dragonflies are rarely kept as pets due to their specialised habitats and diet needs. Research on captive feeding helps understand their ecological role and supports conservation efforts.

Interesting Facts About Dragonfly Diets
Dragonflies can catch prey mid-air at speeds up to 30 miles per hour. Their hunting success rate is remarkably high due to precision and agility.

Some species migrate long distances following insect swarms to feeding grounds.

Common Questions About Dragonfly Diets
Do dragonflies eat plants? No, they are strictly carnivorous.

Can dragonflies bite humans? While capable of biting, they rarely do and are not harmful to people.

Are dragonflies beneficial for gardens? Absolutely, as they help control insect pests naturally.

Final Thoughts
Dragonflies are fascinating predators with diets centred on small flying insects and aquatic prey during their nymph stage. Their feeding habits play a critical role in ecosystem health and pest management. Appreciating what dragonflies eat highlights their importance and encourages efforts to protect freshwater habitats.