What Do Hedgehogs Eat?

The short answer is that hedgehogs are primarily insectivores, feasting mostly on insects and other small invertebrates, though their diet is surprisingly varied. In the wild, they favour beetles, caterpillars, earthworms and slugs, but they can also nibble on fruits, fungi and even small vertebrates if the opportunity arises. Understanding what hedgehogs eat is essential for anyone interested in their care or conservation, especially as these charming creatures face growing challenges in their natural habitats.

Introducing the Hedgehog
Hedgehogs belong to the family Erinaceidae and are found across much of Europe, parts of Asia and Africa, and introduced populations exist elsewhere, including New Zealand. In the UK, the Western European hedgehog is the most familiar species, often spotted rustling through gardens and hedgerows. Hedgehogs are nocturnal mammals, predominantly solitary and highly adaptable, thriving in woodlands, farmland, suburban areas and even parks. Their natural behaviour revolves around foraging for food at night, using their keen sense of smell to locate tasty morsels.

Diet in the Wild
In the wild, hedgehogs are opportunistic feeders, but their diet mainly comprises insects such as beetles and their larvae, caterpillars, and various worms. Earthworms are a particularly favoured staple, providing a rich source of protein and moisture. Slugs and snails also form a significant part of their diet, which makes hedgehogs valuable natural pest controllers in gardens. Occasionally, they will consume small amphibians, baby rodents or bird eggs if available, though these are far less common items. This varied diet provides a balance of nutrients and keeps the hedgehog’s digestive system healthy and efficient.

Seasonal Dietary Changes
Seasonal changes influence what hedgehogs eat. In spring and early summer, when insect life explodes, they feast heavily on soft-bodied invertebrates like caterpillars and larvae. As summer progresses, they may consume more beetles and other harder-bodied insects. In autumn, when they must prepare for hibernation, hedgehogs ramp up their calorie intake, seeking out protein and fat-rich foods to build their fat reserves. During this time, they sometimes eat more fruits and berries, adding sugars and vitamins to their diet. However, in the wild, fruits and vegetables form only a small portion of their intake. Their digestive systems are not designed for large quantities of plant matter or dairy products, which can cause serious health problems.

Feeding Hedgehogs in Gardens and Captivity
When it comes to hedgehogs kept as pets or garden visitors, it is important to mimic their natural diet as closely as possible. Commercially available hedgehog food mixes often contain a blend of dried insects, proteins and vegetables. High-quality cat food can also be a suitable alternative because it is high in protein and fat while being low in carbohydrates. However, feeding them milk or bread is a widespread misconception; hedgehogs are lactose intolerant and bread offers little nutritional value, often leading to illness or even death. It is safer to offer fresh water alongside suitable food. Treats such as mealworms or waxworms can be offered occasionally but should never become the main diet.

Threats to Natural Food Sources
Hedgehogs in the wild face numerous threats that affect their ability to find enough food. Habitat loss, intensive farming, pesticide use and garden chemicals reduce the availability of their insect prey, causing malnutrition and decline. Hedgehog populations have fallen sharply across the UK and parts of Europe, leading to concerted conservation efforts that include creating wildlife-friendly gardens and hedgerows, reducing pesticide use, and building hedgehog highways to link fragmented habitats. By encouraging natural food sources and avoiding harmful chemicals, gardeners and wildlife lovers can play a key role in supporting local hedgehog populations.

Surprising Dietary Adaptations
An interesting fact about hedgehog diet is their ability to consume certain toxic prey. Hedgehogs can eat some species of toads, which are poisonous to many other predators, as well as bees and wasps. Their thick spiny skin and behavioural adaptations protect them, and their digestive system can handle the toxins better than many other animals. This surprising tolerance makes them uniquely positioned as natural controllers of certain pests.

Cultural and Local Significance
Culturally, hedgehogs have long been admired in British folklore and countryside tradition as helpful garden residents. Their insectivorous habits have earned them a reputation as gardeners’ friends, a symbol of a healthy, balanced ecosystem. In other parts of Europe, hedgehogs are sometimes kept as pets, but care should always reflect their dietary needs and natural habits.

Common Questions About Hedgehog Diet
Common questions often arise about feeding hedgehogs found in the garden. Is it okay to feed them cat food? Can they eat fruit? What should I never give them? The safest approach is to provide a balanced, protein-rich diet that resembles their natural food, avoid dairy products and sugary treats, and ensure fresh water is always available. If a hedgehog appears unwell or underweight, it is best to contact a wildlife rehabilitation centre or vet specialising in small mammals.

Conclusion
In summary, hedgehogs are insectivores with a varied diet focused on invertebrates such as beetles, worms and slugs, complemented by occasional fruit and small vertebrates. Their diet changes with the seasons, reflecting their need to build energy for hibernation. Domestic and garden hedgehogs benefit from foods high in protein and fat, avoiding dairy or bread. Protecting their natural habitats and food sources is vital for their survival. With the right knowledge, we can help hedgehogs thrive, making our gardens and countryside healthier and more vibrant places.